Introduction to evolution （A）Evolution biology 1. The study of the history of life, and 2. The process that lead to its diversity （無氧呼吸） 乳酸：細菌←→人類 3. Based on principles of adaptation, chance and history 解決生存環境挑戰、生殖挑戰 演化學問為什麼，生理學問how 4. Seeks to explain all the characteristics of organisms 5. Occupies a control position in the biology science 6. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution （B）Is evolution true 1. Are species immutable？ 2. How many independent origins of life there have been？ 3. There are many kinds of evidence：microevolution, classification, embryology, fossil record SARS被歸類為冠狀病毒的第四類，恐龍的演化（恐龍→鳥） （C）Is all life shares a single common ancestor？ 1. Homology trait that are similar between species, but do not have to be because of functional necessity 同源 2. Early embryonic development in vertebrate 3. Genetic code：universal homology. Every species is descended from a common ancestor. Why we study yeast in the HGP？ 4. Natural selection is NOT EQUAL TO EVOLUTION. （D）Darwin’s four postulates： 1. Individual within species are variable 2. some of these variations are passed on to offspring 3. In very generation, more offspring are produce than can survive. 4. The survival and reproduction of individual are not random. 「共同祖先」為演化事實 （E）Studying evolution：Evolutionary analysis of form and function by experimental studies. 1. What is the functional of fruit abortion？ 2. What is the function of peacock tail？ 解決生存→自然淘汰 生殖→生殖淘汰 （F）The Evolutionary Biology of Sex 1. Why sex evolve（origin of sex）？ 2. Why sex persist（maintenance of sex）？ 被紫外線照射破壞的DNA修復，變異非有性生殖主要原因 3. What is sex？ 4. Sex differences in animals 5. Sexual selection theory （G）The Fundamental Difference of Sexes： 1. Male：individuals which produce tiny, mobile, with little or no food gametes, sperms, more in number 2. Female：individuals which produce large, with food-rich gametes-eggs, fewer in number （H）Fighting in more subtle way 1. Males with special structure to scrape out previous sperm before injecting new sperm 2. Copulation plug 經濟學 （I）Inter-sexual selection：Female choice Good resource and parental ability：making the male pay e.g. Praying mantis, courtship feeding in insect & bird. （J）Sexual selection Good genes：lek mating system, a common display ground. Female comes & mate, then rearing the young on her own. Rare male effect （K）Battle of the sex：sexual conflict 1. Mating decision：forced copulation in scorpion flies, mallard 2. Parental investment：in species with internal fertilization, male is more likely to desert the female 3. Infanticide：when male lion take over a new group as new leader, the male will slaughter the cubs, this will increase male’s success & decrease female’s 360萬年前，人類用兩隻腳走路，其時腦容量為600c.c. po上癮了,再來一個 --

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