※ 引述《SuperMaster (神手)》之銘言： : Although the hormone adrenaline is known to regulate : memory storage, it does not pass from the blood into : brain cells. We are faced with an apparent paradox: how : can a hormone that does not act directly on the brain : have such a large effect on brain function? ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 這是作者的疑問 : Recently, we tested the possibility that one of the : hormone’s actions outside the brain might be responsible. ^^^^^^^ 這是作者對他的疑問的假設 : Since one consequence of adrenaline release in an animal : is an increase in blood glucose levels, we examined the : effects of glucose on memory in rats. We found that glucose : injected immediately after training enhances memory tested : the next day. Additional evidence was provided by negative ^^^^^^^^^ 這一句就是他想要證實的: glucose會造成enhance memory 所以他想要反向證明: 這個enhance memory不是由adrenaline直接造成 而是由glucose 那要怎麼證明？ 1.單純打glucose進去也會有類似的效果 2.就算有adrenaline，若不造成glucose上昇就沒有memory enhancement 3.所以用adrenergic blocker --> glucose 不會上昇 --> memory不會enhance 4.用adrenergic blocker --> glucose不上昇 -->memory不會enhance -->強制注射glucose --> memory enhance : findings: drugs called adrenergic antagonists, which block : peripheral adrenaline receptors, disrupted adrenaline’s : ability to regulate memory but did not affect memory : enhancements produced by glucose that was not stimulated : by adrenaline. These results are as they should be if : adrenaline affects memory modulation by increasing blood : glucose levels. 單純以解題來看 : 4. The author refers to the results of the experiment using : adrenergic antagonists as “negative findings” (line 13) : most likely because the adrenergic antagonists : (A) failed to disrupt adrenaline’s effect on memory 錯 因為"drugs called adrenergic antagonists, ......disrupted adrenaline's ability to regulate memory.." : (B) did not affect glucose’s ability to enhance memory 對 "but did not affect memory enhancements produced by glucose.." : (C) did not block adrenaline’s ability to increase blood glucose levels 錯 都說了是 adrenergic "blocker" 但也可以說這選項是 out of scope (超出內容範圍) : (D) only partially affected adrenaline’s ability to enhance memory 錯 他沒有說partial : (E) disrupted both adrenaline’s and glucose’s effect on memory 錯 就說沒有影響非adrenaline-induced glucose 的memory effect : 答案是：B : 首先,我對文章的理解是這樣的 : 待解釋的現象：hormone adrenaline是怎麼不和大腦直接作用而影響記憶？ : 讀到這,我就知道文章接下來要說明問號的內容 ： hormone adrenaline -> ? -> 記憶 : 果然,是因為adrenaline產生葡萄糖 而葡萄糖影響記憶 : 證據1： 把葡萄糖注入老鼠 記憶up : 反向證據2 : 某drug會block adrenaline的接收器 所以無法影響記憶 這裡說的不對 他只說不會影響 adrenaline-induced的glucose對記憶的影響 再者 內文說 "disrupted adrenaline's ability to regulate memory" : 而且不影響不是由adrenaline產生的葡萄糖 同上，adrenaline還是影響記憶啊 : 我的問題是 我看不懂證據2的意義在哪？為何他是反向證據 你2的解讀有點小不正確 : 而且證據1已經說明葡萄糖響記憶 : 那麼證據2的"不是由adrenaline產生的葡萄糖”本來就不會被影響阿 : 為什麼”不是由adrenaline產生的葡萄糖不被影響” 這句話卻成為反向證據的關鍵 : 我不知道我是不理解文章意思還是沒有搞懂反向證據的意思 : 麻煩高手解答 : 謝謝 --

※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 223.139.72.17 ※ 文章網址: https://webptt.com/m.aspx?n=bbs/GRE/M.1453979091.A.3E4.html no problem 我再解釋清楚一點 positive finding指的是 glucose造成memory enhancement (無論是adrenaline造成與否) negative finding指的是能夠反向證明 也就是說用adr blocker-->會造成glucose沒有上升 -->所以沒有memory enhancement 為了證明記憶是glucose造成的 所以更確實地去證實 就算在有adrenaline的情況下 去注射glucose --> memory enhance + 是指 = 直接給glucose --> memory enhance - 是指 = 阻斷glucose上升的原因 (意思就是給adr blocker) --> no memory enhance 然後為了再更科學的證明犯人就是glucose 就在有adr blocker的強況下 再把glucose注射進去 --> memory enhance 所以若你真的要去細分哪個是"negative finding" 那我會說應該就是指給adrenaline blocker這件事 --> no memory enhancement ※ 編輯: yujungc (223.139.72.17), 01/28/2016 23:27:24