恭喜開版版版版版 慶祝第一po 語意學真是一們博大精深得學問 哲學的意涵上有很多值德討論的空見 消費方式 時段 購票時間 平日票價 假日票價 An Old Professor's Confusion Here comes a situation: A 60-year-old professor teaching philosophy at an academy recently finds out that most of the papers produced by his dear fellow students are impressively well-structured and organized. The papers were not only written professionally, but also gave lots of insights to the philosophy argument taught in the class. Besides, some students even came up with outstanding conclusions that are excellent enough to surprise the old professor. Unaware of the power of Google search, the professor didn't discover a crucial fact that his students did an active search on google, and patched up the work intended for the class by copying other professors' ideas found on the net. Even worse, some students borrowed the conclusion worked out by the experts in the field and made believe that those ideas are disguisedly their own. How can we help the professor to identify which one is authentically produced by his students, not the one copied from google search, in order to serve the real purpose of philosophy homework? One of the best solutions is to build a check system, including three steps: First, request the students to list key words, main ideas and summaries of their papers. Second, identify some of them by random as their own through google search as well. Third, once being a suspect, a complete self-checking process is necessary before handing over every assignment. Otherwise, the other way is to develop a great amount of database in the professor’s computer. Google desktop is very convenient to check if there is any copy or partly copy from others. 以上為小弟貢獻第一個討論的問題 XD 這種事情大家自己也都在做 以前會覺得這是有沒有誠意的問題 但現在畢業了反而覺得這是在傷害自己 等到了已經忘了怎麼生產ideas怎麼思考 怎麼樣用思考來解決問題 怎麼detailed和careful得思考 妳已經玩但了 這時候後悔就好笑了喔 所以宇易學的版版開本事一定要恭喜得 康德他認為所有的知識都是隨著經驗開始的，但是並非都是源自於經驗的。因此一切都是感官作用而來，因此並不承認如之前哲學家所提的人有先天的觀念。而知識則有先天與後天之別，所謂「先天」(a priori)是不依賴經驗而成立的，所以又有學者翻譯成「先驗」，在課本中是用「先天」，有時也會用「先驗」(因為怕與先天觀念誤用)。「先驗」顧名思義乃是「先」於經「驗」的意思(以下還是以用「先天」為主)；然而「先」在此很容易被誤解為「在時間上先於經驗」，其實它應該更適當的說是「作為經驗的先決條件」，也就是使經驗成為可能的先決要素與基礎。然而「先天」是相對於經驗，所以，對於「經驗」便被稱為「後天」(a posteriori)或「後驗」。康德他認為所有的知識都是隨著經驗開始的，但是並非都是源自於經驗的。因此一切都是感官作用而來，因此並不承認如之前哲學家所提的人有先天的觀念。而知識則有先天與後天之別，所謂「先天」(a priori)是不依賴經驗而成立的，所以又有學者翻譯成「先驗」，在課本中是用「先天」，有時也會用「先驗」(因為怕與先天觀念誤用)。「先驗」顧名思義乃是「先」於經「驗」的意思(以下還是以用「先天」為主)；然而「先」在此很容易被誤解為「在時間上先於經驗」，其實它應該更適當的說是「作為經驗的先決條件」，也就是使經驗成為可能的先決要素與基礎。然而「先天」是相對於經驗，所以，對於「經驗」便被稱為「後天」(a posteriori)或「後驗」。 分析判斷：述詞(謂詞)意義是包含在主詞之內，也就是說述詞(謂詞)是能 從分析主詞中而獲得的。都是直接分析，無須經驗的檢證。 如：人是理性的動物、物體有擴延性 綜合判斷：述詞(謂詞)意義是不包含在主詞之內，也就是說述詞(謂詞)是 不能從分析主詞中而獲得的。 如：甲民族的人是矮的、張三是好人 先天分析判斷 (所有分析判斷無須檢證，所以都是先天分析判斷) 分析判斷 後天分析判斷 (已經是經驗事實，不會再有經驗判斷，因此不存在) 先天綜合判斷 (不來自經驗，具有絕對普遍的) 綜合判斷 後天綜合判斷 (由經驗中獲得，因此是相對的普遍，可以找到例外) As a priori knowledge exists, what it infers is that some judgment tools are a priori condition to experience, i.e. people are born with ideas and principles(like: logic and induction), is it right? How come we can prove pure math is a priori to against empiricists through the example two and two always are four? Russell said we can imagine a world where we obtain knowledge by induction are all be wrong, but we can never imagine a world following the principle two and two are not four. If so, we feel that such a world would upset the whole fabric of our knowledge。 Russell asserted that from Kant’s theory, a priori knowledge regards as human nature, but people comes from the world so that human nature is no exception to be uncertain and maybe changed to-morrow. But I think Kant’s description also shows that even math is not totally objective and outward people. What means a law is a the law of thought? --

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