※ [本文转录自 Baseball 看板 #1FNPSP-d ] 作者: KeeperOf7Key (七把钥匙的主人) 看板: Baseball 标题: [外絮] 年轻的手臂与曲球：一场科学角力 时间: Mon Mar 12 14:26:28 2012 在纽约时报闲晃时发现的有趣文章，翻译好让大家一起共享。 没翻好的地方就请多包涵吧<(_ _)> 原文：http://tinyurl.com/7nfo2zp --------------------------------本文分隔线--------------------------------- Young Arms and Curveballs: A Scientific Twist 年轻的手臂与曲球：一场科学角力 By BILL PENNINGTON Published: March 11, 2012 For decades, it has been an article of faith for parents of young pitchers: Do not let them throw curveballs. The reason was simple. Contorting elbows — all in the service of ever more competitive baseball at ever younger ages — puts more strain on the joint than arms can handle. 几十年来，不让小孩子投曲球一直是爸妈的信仰。原因很简单，在竞争始终激烈的少年野 球里，控制手肘让手臂关节承受过度的张力。 But as the research into the biomechanics of pitching has evolved, the debate has grown more robust, and more perplexing. A recent major study shows curveballs pose no greater risk than that of other pitches. And many studies lately have shown that the greatest threat to young arms is not throwing curves but making too many pitches of any kind. 但随着投球力学研究的进展，争议越来越强烈，也越来越使人困惑。最近研究指出投曲球 并不会比投其他球种有更大的风险，而更多研究随着发现年轻手臂最大的威胁并非是投曲 球，而是过度的投球。 “Science is banging heads with intuition and gut instinct,” said Glenn Fleisig, the research director of the American Sports Medicine Institute, who has conducted studies on breaking balls and young arms since 1996. “For years, we told people that curveballs were bad. Then we set out to prove it. We did not prove curveballs are safe, but we could not prove they were dangerous.” American Sports Medicin Institute的研究主任Glenn Fleisig从1996开始做了一系列年 轻手臂与变化球的研究。他说「科学冲击了普遍的认知与直觉。一直以来我们告诉大家说 投曲球不好，然後我们着手证明这件事。我们没有证明丢曲球是安全的，但我们也没有证 明投曲球很危险。」 ( 研究论文：http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/36/4/686.abstract ) Like a pitcher and a catcher disagreeing on pitch selection, the opposing sides in the debate could not be more closely allied. Dr. James Andrews, the orthopedic surgeon to many athletes, is a founder of the American Sports Medicine Institute and has written with Fleisig some of the studies that have failed to prove that curveballs are hazardous to young arms. It has not stopped Andrews from challenging the results. 就如同投捕对球种意见不同一般，正反的说法都没有个定论。帮许多运动员执刀的外科名 医James Andrews是American Sports Medicine Institute的创办人，也和Fleisig共笔过 一些研究，但都没办法证明曲球会对年轻手臂带来伤害。但这些结论并没有让Andrews停 止质疑这些研究成果。( 研究论文：http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/39/2/253 ) “What we found out in the lab is true,” Andrews said. “For pitchers with proper mechanics, the force of throwing a curveball is no greater than for a fastball. But that’s not what happens in reality on the baseball field. Many kids don’t have proper mechanics or enough neuromuscular control, or they are fatigued when throwing curveballs. Things break down. Those are the kids I ’m seeing every day in my operating room.” Andrews说「我们在实验室的发现当然是真的。对那些以适当机制投球的投手们，投曲球 承受的力量并没有比投快速球来得大。但是在现实的球场里并非如此。许多小孩并没有适 当的投球机制或是肌肉控制，或者是当他们在疲劳状况下丢曲球的时候，就会出问题。而 这些孩子每天都会出现在我的手术室里。」 Little League Baseball imposed strict per-game pitch limits five years ago, but Andrews said he performed about seven times the number of arm operations on young pitchers that he did 15 years ago. 少棒联盟五年前实施严格的逐场投球限制，但是Andrews说他帮年轻手臂开刀的数量跟15 年前相比是七倍之多。 Last year, the findings of a study conducted on more than 1,300 pitchers from 8-year-olds to college students, were released by Little League Baseball, which had commissioned it with USA Baseball. Three University of North Carolina researchers surveyed the pitchers over five years, annually assessing multiple factors: number of innings pitched, kinds of pitches thrown, number of teams played for and any arm pain or injuries experienced. The answers were analyzed to judge which factors influenced injury risk. The test group included 410 Little League pitchers. 去年，少棒联盟释出一项与美国棒协共同委托，针对8岁到大学生总共1300名投手的研究 成果。三名北卡罗莱纳大学的学者在过去五年调查这些投手，并对多项因素做年度的评估 ：投球局数、球种、打过的球队、手臂的疼痛或受伤。评估结果分析後被用以判断哪项因 素会影响受伤风险。试验组包含了410名少棒联盟的投手。 ( 研究论文：http://www.slackjournals.com/html.aspx?rid=82137 ) “There was no association between throwing curveballs and injuries or even arm pain,” said Johna Mihalik, who wrote the study. “It was surprising in a sense because of the conventional thinking about curveballs, but we were well aware that the studies by Dr. Andrews and Glenn Fleisig had come to similar conclusions. That’s what fueled our study.” 主笔研究成果的Johna Mihalik说「并没有发现投曲球和手臂受伤或疼痛有任何关联。这 是让人惊讶的结果因为传统都认为曲球不好，但是我们发现名医Andrews与Glenn Fleisig 也有类似支持我们研究成果的结论。」 Stephen D. Keener, the president and chief executive of Little League International, said that deliberations among youth baseball leaders about banning, by rule, all breaking pitches had led to the commissioning of the study. When the findings did not link curveballs to injury, he said, Little League felt compelled to maintain the status quo. 国际少棒联盟的主席兼执行长Stephen D. Keener说少年野球的主导者对禁止所有变化球 的规定非常慎重，所以才委托这次的研究。Keener说当结果并没有将曲球与受伤联结在一 起的时候，少棒联盟便觉得必须维持(可以丢变化球的)现状。 “It doesn’t mean we’re advocating throwing breaking balls,” Keener said. “We don’t promote it. We just think it’s very difficult to regulate it out of the game, and there is no data to show that throwing breaking balls is at the root of arm injuries.” Keener说「这不代表我们鼓励丢变化球。我们没有提倡变化球。我们只是觉得很难完全将 变化球排除在比赛之外，此外也没有任何资料显示变化球是手臂受伤的根源。」 Dr. Timothy Kremchek, an Ohio orthopedic surgeon who is the Cincinnati Reds’ physician and whose practice frequently treats youth pitchers, called Little League’s stance irresponsible. 俄亥俄的一位外科医生，同时也是红人队的队医Timothy Kremcheck常常为年轻的投手开 刀。他说少棒联盟的态度根本是不负责任。 “They have an obligation to protect these 12-year-old kids and instead, they ’re saying, ‘There’s no scientific evidence curveballs cause damage, so go ahead, kids, just keep throwing them,’ ” Kremchek said. “It makes me sick to my stomach to watch the Little League World Series and see 12-year-olds throwing curve after curve. Those of us who have to treat those kids a few years later, we’re pretty sure there is a cause and effect.” Kremcheck说「他们有义务要保护这些12岁的小朋友，但他们却说没有科学证据说曲球造 成伤害阿，所以就让他们投投久了他们就不会想投了嘛(误)。当我看少棒联盟的世界冠军 赛然後看着12岁的小朋友们狂投曲球，实在让我很反胃。我们这些几年後要治疗这些小孩 的人，非常确定是有因果关系的。」 Kremchek said he performed 150 elbow ligament reconstructions a year, a complex operation named after the former major league pitcher Tommy John, who had the surgery when it was developed in the 1970s. Kremchek说他每年要做150个手肘韧带重建术，也就是以大联盟投手Tommy John命名，在 70年代发展出来的手术。 “Seventy percent of those surgeries are pitchers who haven’t hit college yet,” Kremchek said. “I ask each one the same question: when did you start throwing curveballs? And they say: ‘I was 10. I was 11.’ Sometimes, it’s 9. ” 他说「这些开刀的投手们有七成都还没上大学呢。我问他们每一个人同样的问题：你啥时 开始丢曲球的？他们说十岁啦、十一岁啦、有时候还有九岁的哩。」 Kremchek coaxed about eight Ohio youth leagues to prohibit breaking pitches. The umpire issues a warning the first time he suspects a pitcher has thrown a curveball, slider or other breaking pitch. A second offense means the player must stop pitching. Kremchek说服大约八个俄亥俄的少棒联盟禁止投变化球。裁判如果看到投手疑似投曲球或 是其他变化球种会先警告。再被抓到就不能再投了。 “The mothers in those leagues are the biggest fans of those rules,” Kremchek said. “It’s not a hard call for the umpires. A 12-year-old trying to throw a breaking ball is pretty demonstrative as he does it. You can tell. ” Kremchek说「联盟里的老妈是最支持这些规则的。这样的判决对裁判来说并不难。当一个 12岁的投手试着要丢变化球的时候是很明显的，一看就知。」 But Keener said that rule, if enacted by Little League, would be hard to enforce across its more than 7,000 leagues. 但国际少棒主席Keener说这条规则如果立了，很难在超过7000个子联盟里一并执行。 “I applaud people for trying to do it,” Keener said. “But we often have volunteer umpires in a Little League trying to make balls-and-strikes calls and basepath calls, and it would be a very hard thing to ask them to also decide if a pitcher intentionally tried to throw a breaking pitch. What if that pitcher just has natural movement on his fastball?” Keener说「我为那些试着推行的人大声叫好，但是我们的裁判都是志愿者，试图判决好坏 球边线球，很难再要求他们去判断投手是不是故意丢变化球。如果那只是那个投手快速球 的自然轨迹呢？」 One aspect of the curveball debate, and the studies it has spawned, that everyone agrees on is that throwing too many pitches of any type is the biggest danger. 在曲球的争议中以及相关研究中有个观点是大家都同意的：投太多球是最大的风险。 As surprised as Mihalik might have been about her study’s findings on curveballs, what alarmed her most was the number of pitches thrown. “So many were playing for three teams at once,” she said. “And the data was extremely clear that overuse led to injury more than any other factor.” That, too, is consistent with the findings of more than 15 years of research at the American Sports Medicine Institute, and similar studies around the country. 虽然Mihalik可能对他的曲球研究结果感到惊讶，让他最担心的则是投球数。他说「太多 人一次就打三队，而且资料明显的指出过度使用导致受伤的程度远远超出其他因素。」这 份结果也与15年前American Sports Medicine Institute所做的研究一致，而且类似的结 论满地都是。 “Maybe asking whether the curveball is safe is the wrong question,” Fleisig said. “Maybe the question should shift to this: Are you overdoing it? Because there is no question, scientifically or anecdotally, that too much throwing leads to injury, and often it’s serious injury.” Fleisig说「也许“曲球安全吗”是个错误的问题。也许真的问题是“你是不是太操了” ，毕竟不管是科学上或是杀猪公的看法，毫无疑问过度投球导致受伤。而且都是大伤。」 Little League instituted pitch limits based on research conducted by Andrews and Fleisig. This season, the limits are 85 pitches a day for 11- to 12-year-olds and 75 pitches for 9- to 10-year-olds. Rules also mandate days off between pitching appearances. Other recommendations by Andrews, who is on Little League’s board, and Fleisig, who acts as a Little League adviser, include a break of months from overhand throwing and competitive pitching, a 100-inning annual limit, avoiding radar guns and barring pitchers from playing catcher. 少棒联盟基於Andrews与Fleisig的研究实施投球限制。在本季，12岁的每日投球限制是85 颗、而9-10岁则是75颗。规则也要求上场的间隔。少棒联盟委员会成员的Andrews与联盟 顾问的Fleisig还有其他的建议，包括高压投球以及高强度投球後的月休、年度100局限制 、不使用测速枪、以及禁止投手不投球时兼捕手。 In 2007, the first year of the Little League pitch restrictions, Tyler Richards and Kyle Cotcamp logged many innings as their Hamilton, Ohio, team reached the World Series. They also pitched for a travel team. 在2007，也就是少棒联盟投球限制的第一年，Tyler Richards与Kyle Cotcamp随着他们在 俄亥俄Hamilton的队伍打进世界冠军赛，吃了一大堆局数。他们还帮一个巡回队投球。 Two years later, Richards had Tommy John surgery. Kremchek performed the operation, as he did for Cotcamp last year. “I just pitched way too much,” said Richards, now a high school junior who has resumed pitching. He added: “I should have just said no. I should have rested my arm.” 两年後，Richards开了TJ。Kremchek当时帮他开刀，而去年Kremchek则是帮Cotcamp动刀 。现在已经恢复投球，是个高中生的Richards说「我就是投太多球了。我应该拒绝并让我 的手臂休息的。」 p.s. 要期待台媒写一篇稍微有深度一点的报导大概跟我要中乐透一样难﹨(╯▽╰)∕ --

※ 发信站: 批踢踢实业坊(ptt.cc) ◆ From: 204.191.133.116 可~ 已回信^^ 可~ ※ 编辑: KeeperOf7Key 来自: 204.191.133.116 (03/12 21:13) twist我也一直在想怎麽翻比较好。没有想到翻案是因为内文也没有很确定曲球真的不会 造成任何的伤害(依照Andrews等人的质疑)。也感谢提供不同的看法:) ※ 编辑: KeeperOf7Key 来自: 204.191.133.116 (03/12 22:31)

※ 发信站: 批踢踢实业坊(ptt.cc) ※ 编辑: chordate 来自: 122.116.46.111 (03/12 23:29)