https://reurl.cc/N2yAR6 Latin America's pipeline of young, promising baseball players has long drawn the attention of major league teams and their money, creating a system of stars but also of widespread corruption. Many now believe the system has become unsustain able. Change, in some form, is necessary. Preliminary talks about Major League B aseball's next collective bargaining agreement are expected to take place this m onth, and one of the biggest debates -- aside from the merits of a salary cap -- will center on reforming an international market riddled by age fraud, steroid use and illegal handshake agreements made with players at increasingly younger a ges. 拉丁美洲源源不绝的年轻潜力棒球员，长期以来吸引了大联盟球队与资金的挹注，形成了一 套既能培养球星、却也充斥广泛腐败的体系，如今许多人认为这套制度已难以维持，某种形 式的改革势在必行 本月预计将展开下一份大联盟劳资协议的初步谈判，而其中最具争议的议题之一——除了薪 资上限的利弊之外——将聚焦於改革这个充满年龄造假、类固醇使用，以及与年龄越来越小 的球员私下达成非法口头协议的国际市场 MLB officials believe the only solution is an international draft, which, the th inking goes, would stop the free-for-all in which people affiliated with teams a pproach handlers and street agents and offer them money to steer players to thei r clubs. Prominent members of the MLB Players Association counter that the best recourse is stricter enforcement of those illegal agreements, and that the issue s have escalated largely because the league has failed to consistently punish wr ongdoers. 大联盟官员认为唯一的解方是设立国际选秀，他们的逻辑是这将终止目前这种混乱局面—— 球队相关人士四处接触经纪人与街头掮客，出钱让他们把球员导向自家球队，相对地大联盟 球员工会的重要成员则反驳，最佳对策是更严格地执行对这些非法协议的规范，并指出问题 之所以恶化，很大程度是因为联盟未能持续惩处违规者 "Everything is messy," a team executive who has spent years scouting in the Domi nican Republic said. "It's messy because we're making it messy, because we won't f---ing regulate it, and it just keeps going and going. 「一切都乱成一团」一位在多明尼加长年从事球探工作的球队高层表示 「会这麽乱，是因为我们自己让它变乱，因为我们他X的不去监管，然後事情就这样不断恶 化下去」 OF THE 948 players on Opening Day rosters this season, 153 hailed from the Domin ican Republic and Venezuela, two counries that consistently produce the most fo reign-born talent in the major leagues. Almost all of them arrived there through the international system, most notably Juan Soto, Ronald Acuña Jr., Vladimir G uerrero Jr. and Fernando Tatis Jr. -- four stars who have collected 17 All-Star appearances and are now on contracts worth a combined $1.7 billion. Between 2018 and 2019, Soto, Acuña, Guerrero and Tatis emerged in the major leagues after b eing plucked out of the Dominican Republic and Venezuela as teenagers, originall y agreeing to deals ranging from $100,000 to $3.9 million. 本季开幕日名单中的948名球员中，有153人来自多明尼加与委内瑞拉，这两个国家长期以来 持续为大联盟输出最多的外籍人才，他们几乎全都是透过国际业余签约体系进入大联盟，其 中最具代表性的包括Juan Soto、Ronald Acuna Jr.、Vladimir Guerrero Jr.与Fernando T atis Jr.——这四位球星累积了17次明星赛入选，目前合约总值高达17亿美元 2018至2019年间，Soto、Acuna、Guerrero与Tatis在青少年时期被从多明尼加与委内瑞拉挖 掘，签下10万至390万美元不等的合约後，陆续在大联盟崭露头角 Their success made the race to identify the next crop of Latino stars fiercer, a t a time when international-bonus-pool limits allowed teams to project how much money would be available to them several years in advance. The early deals that trigger a litany of other problems escalated because of it. 他们的成功，使得寻找下一批拉丁球星的竞争更加激烈；同时国际签约金池的限制也让球队 可以提前数年预测可动用的资金规模，在这样的背景下，这些过早达成的协议所引发的一连 串问题也随之加剧 International prospects can't officially sign until they turn 16, but major leag ue teams have been striking illegal handshake deals with players -- known locall y as pre-acuerdos, or pre-deals -- at increasingly younger ages, currently as ea rly as 11 years old, multiple sources throughout the industry told ESPN. 国际新秀必须年满16岁才能正式签约，但据业界多方消息来源向ESPN透露，大联盟球队早已 与球员在越来越年幼的阶段达成非法口头协议——当地称为pre-acuerdos（预先协议）—— 如今甚至早至11岁就开始出现 Said one longtime scout: "How can you possibly project a 12-year-old?" 一名资深球探表示：「你怎麽可能去预测一个12岁的小孩？」 "The industry is moving too fast," said Jonathan Peralta, an attorney who repres ents amateur players in the Dominican Republic, "but it's moving too fast for ev erybody." 代表多明尼加业余球员的律师Jonathan Peralta表示：「这个产业发展得太快了，而且是对 所有人来说都太快了」 Foreign players are about three times less likely to reach the majors than those who come through the domestic draft, according to data maintained by a longtime international scouting director. But the sheer volume of players who can be sig ned at bargain rates, and the massive windfall when even one of them hits, has p rompted teams to beef up their scouting staffs, erect sprawling academies and, a ccording to sources, attempt to lock players in with verbal agreements long befo re they're eligible to obtain contracts. 根据一位资深国际球探主管的数据，外籍球员晋升大联盟的机率大约只有本土选秀球员的三 分之一，然而由於可以以低廉价格签下大量球员，一旦其中有人成功便能带来巨大回报，促 使各球队扩编球探团队、兴建大型训练学院，并据消息指出，试图在球员具备正式签约资格 之前，就以口头协议将其锁定 "It's straight lunacy," said Junior Noboa, executive director of the Dominican R epublic's baseball commissioner's office. "I spent almost 30 years signing playe rs. Never did I think you'd start seeing 12-, 13-year-old kids signing." 多明尼加棒球专员办公室执行长Junior Noboa表示：「这根本是疯狂至极，我花了将近30年 签球员，从没想过会看到12、13岁的小孩就开始被签下。」 Buscones -- a colloquial term for those who identify players, train them, then e ventually act as intermediaries with major league teams -- have been operating i n the Dominican Republic since the 1970s. Up until about 2012, the process of ac quiring international amateurs -- those who don't hail from the United States, C anada or Puerto Rico, and thus are not subject to the domestic draft -- was wide ly described as a "free-for-all," with no restrictions on money and scant knowle dge about how to either scout players or verify their identities. 「Buscones」——这是一个俗称，指的是那些负责发掘球员、培训他们，并最终在球员与大 联盟球队之间充当仲介的人——自1970年代起便在多明尼加运作，直到约2012年为止，签下 国际业余球员（亦即来自美国、加拿大或波多黎各以外、因此不受本土选秀制度约束的球员 ）的过程，普遍被形容为「毫无规范的混战」，资金没有任何限制，对於如何评估球员或核 实其身分的知识也极为有限 Signing bonus pools were first introduced that year, providing teams with an all otment of cash -- starting with $2.9 million in 2012 and rising as high as $8.04 million in 2026 -- that could only be used on international talent. The pools b rought -- in theory, at least -- structure. Hard caps, introduced in 2017, broug ht predictability, allowing teams to accurately project how much money they woul d be allowed to spend several years in advance. 签约金池制度於2012首次引入，为各球队提供一笔专门用於国际球员的资金额度——从2012 年的290万美元，增加到2026年的最高804万美元，理论上这些资金池带来了制度化的架构， 2017年引入的硬性上限则带来了可预测性，使球队能够提前数年准确预估可支出的金额 Now, sources said, the corruption is often too deep-seated to track. 然而据消息人士表示，如今的腐败往往已根深蒂固，难以追查 As laid out by an MLB front office executive with extensive experience in Latin America, it begins when a buscón finds a prospective player at around the age o f 10, sometimes even younger, and essentially shops him to different academies. Tools need to be developed quickly, which is where steroids or falsified birth c ertificates -- or both -- can come in. The trainer from the academy needs money to cover the cost of developing the player, which brings loan sharks into the eq uation. Those loan sharks, sources confirmed to ESPN, take up to an additional 2 0% of an eventual signing bonus from the player's family, on top of the 30% to 5 0% that goes to the trainer. 根据一位在拉丁美洲拥有丰富经验的大联盟球团高层说明，这个流程从一名buscón在球员 约10岁——有时甚至更小——时发现他开始，并将其「推销」给不同的训练学院，球员的能 力需要迅速培养，这时就可能涉及类固醇或伪造出生证明——甚至两者兼具 学院的训练师需要资金来负担培养球员的成本，於是地下放贷者也介入其中，消息人士向ES PN证实，这些放贷者会从球员家庭最终获得的签约金中再抽取最高20%，而训练师本身则已 经拿走30%到50% Because of the widening gap in age -- not to mention talent -- between when pre- deals are struck and when players can officially sign, the team deals have becom e harder to make stick, sources with knowledge of the transactions said. Even wh en players develop as expected, teams often pull out because a medical concern p opped up in a physical; or because their front office turned over, prompting a c hange of heart; or because their signing bonus pools wound up lower, either thro ugh signing a free agent tied to a qualifying offer or exceeding the luxury tax threshold. 由於预先协议达成时与球员正式签约之间的年龄差距（更不用说实力差距）不断扩大，据熟 悉交易情况的消息人士表示，球队与球员之间的协议也变得更难维持 即使球员如预期成长，球队仍常因为体检出现医疗疑虑而退出；或因球团高层更迭而改变决 定；或因签约金池缩减——例如签下附带QO的自由球员，或超过豪华税门槛——而撤回承诺 Often, though, the reason is much simpler -- to exert leverage in an effort to t rim signing bonuses. 然而更多时候原因其实更简单——为了施加压力，试图压低签约金 "They're like cockfighting owners," one trainer said. "The only difference is co ckfighting owners stay true to their word." 一名训练师表示：「他们就像斗鸡场的老板，唯一的差别是，斗鸡老板还会守信用」 When teams pull out weeks or even days before signing day, a litany of issues fo llow: Trainers lose money and are often forced to close academies because of unp aid debts. Parents owe loan sharks money they can't pay back. Kids are recycled into the following year's signing class, by which point many are deemed too old. 当球队在签约日前几周甚至几天突然取消协议时，随之而来的是一连串问题：训练师蒙受损 失，常因债务无法偿还而被迫关闭学院；家长欠下无力偿还的高利贷；孩子被重新归入隔年 的签约名单，但到那时往往已被认定年纪过大 Teams have been pulling out of agreements more frequently in recent years, numer ous agents and trainers have said -- a practice that three years ago triggered a lawsuit against the Los Angeles Angels by two teenage prospects in the Dominica n Republic. But team officials allege that trainers are gaming the system, too, shopping players to other clubs despite preexisting agreements in an attempt to get more money. A prominent example occurred in January 2025, when Roki Sasaki s igned with the Los Angeles Dodgers and several Dominican and Venezuelan players jumped to other teams that suddenly had unused pool space previously earmarked f or the Japanese pitcher, according to sources. 多位经纪人与训练师表示，近年来球队更频繁地毁约——这种做法在三年前曾引发两名多明 尼加青少年球员对洛杉矶天使队提起诉讼，不过球队方面则指控训练师也在钻制度漏洞，尽 管已有既定协议，仍将球员转介给其他球队以争取更高价码 据消息指出，一个显着案例发生在2025年1月，当佐佐木朗希与洛杉矶道奇签约後，多名原 本已谈妥的多明尼加与委内瑞拉球员转投其他球队，因为那些球队突然多出了原本预留给这 位日本投手的签约金空间 "The level of trust has almost evaporated," another high-ranking team executive said. "On both sides." 另一位球队高层表示：「信任几乎已经蒸发了，而且是双方皆然」 That mistrust has become a major part of what promises to be a bitter labor figh t. 这种不信任，已成为预料将十分激烈的劳资对抗中的关键因素之一 MLB has long been pushing for an international draft, selling it as the only way to truly eliminate pre-deals, but the MLBPA continues to stress that better sol utions exist -- mainly, by punishing the teams that engage in wrongdoing under t he current system. 大联盟长期推动设立国际球员选秀，并将其宣称为彻底消除预先协议的唯一方法；然而球员 工会持续强调，仍有更好的解决方案——主要是对现行制度下违规的球队进行惩处 MLB persuaded the union to engage in talks on an international draft for the fir st time during bargaining sessions in the spring and summer of 2022. The two sid es had until July 25 of that year to agree on what amounted to a swap -- an inte rnational draft for the abolishment of the qualifying-offer system, which has of ten suppressed free agent salaries. But the deadline came and went without an ag reement. Three years later, while addressing the media during spring training in February 2025, MLB commissioner Rob Manfred once again voiced his support for a draft, touting its "transparency." 大联盟在2022年的劳资谈判中，首次说服工会就国际选秀展开讨论，双方当时须在该年7月2 5日前达成一项类似交换的协议——以国际选秀换取取消合格报价制度（该制度经常压低自 由球员薪资） 然而期限过去，仍未达成共识，三年後，2025年2月春训期间，大联盟主席Rob Manfred再次 向媒体表达对选秀制度的支持，并强调其「透明性」 "The inability to make secret deals because you don't know who's going to draft whom is really the best systemic approach to this problem of rules violations wh en they get to the signing market," Manfred said then. Manfred当时表示：「由於你无法预先知道谁会选中谁，因此也就无法进行秘密交易，这才 是从制度上解决进入签约市场时违规问题的最佳方式」 Opponents of an international draft are quick to identify a litany of potential issues associated with one, ranging from dwindling opportunities -- MLB's last d raft proposal was capped at 20 rounds, with those not selected restricted to $20 ,000 bonuses -- to varying conditions among baseball-playing countries and, in c ontrast to Manfred's point, the likelihood of kickbacks between scouts and train ers continuing to corrupt the process. Some -- not just union officials, but als o prominent agents and trainers -- still believe the current system can be salva ged if policed better. The most cynical believe the league has let it rot by all owing teams to continually strike pre-deals, forcing a draft to become the only option. 反对国际选秀的人迅速指出其可能带来的一系列问题，包括机会减少——大联盟上一份国际 球员选秀提案限制为20轮，未被选中的球员签约奖金仅为2万美元——以及不同棒球国家条 件的差异；与Manfred的观点相反，他们认为球探与训练师之间仍可能存在回扣，继续腐蚀 流程 有些人——不仅是工会官员，也包括知名经纪人与训练师——仍相信如果管理得当，现行制 度还是可以挽救，最悲观者则认为，联盟放任球队持续达成预先协议，才导致选秀成为唯一 选项，使制度腐坏至今 "Let's be clear -- the disorder that we have in the international market isn't s imply the responsibility of the trainers, like MLB wants everyone to believe," o ne prominent Dominican trainer said. "They have on their hands, with draft or no draft, a way to improve this system. The disloyalty in the game is in their han ds, not ours, because they're the ones that implement the rules." 一位知名多明尼加训练师表示：「我们要说清楚——国际市场的混乱并非单单是训练师的责 任，并非大联盟想让大家相信的那样，他们手上有改善这个制度的方法，不管是否有选秀， 比赛中的不忠不是我们的问题，而是他们的，因为他们才是规则的执行者」 Former MLBPA executive director Tony Clark, who resigned from his post amid scan dal two months ago, echoed a similar sentiment in March 2025. 前大联盟球员工会执行董事Tony Clark在2025年3月也表达了类似的看法，他在两个月前因 丑闻辞职 "At the end of the day, you can't agree to a pre-acuerdo unless a team proposes one," Clark said then. "That means there's an opportunity to find out who is pro posing them and make a determination based on that as to how the system needs to function moving forward. But there's not an interest in doing it, despite knowi ng that that's happening, and instead default back to a draft, a draft, a draft. " Clark当时表示：「归根结底，没有球队提出，就不可能签署预先协议，这意味着有机会找 出是谁提出的，并据此决定制度未来如何运作，但没有人有兴趣去做这件事，尽管大家知道 这种事正在发生，反而一再回到选秀、选秀、选秀」 Almost all the agreements between teams and players announced at the beginning o f each international signing period were made verbally years in advance, often l eaving no paper trail. League officials have long said that a fundamental lack o f evidence makes imposing penalties on teams for striking pre-deals virtually im possible. Manfred said the league spends "tens of millions of dollars" annually to chase wrongdoing -- mostly on drug-testing staff and age-and-identification v erification, according to a spokesperson. But numerous scouts told ESPN the leag ue should invest far more resources to investigate pre-deals, at the very least to thwart teams from continually pursuing them. 几乎所有在每个国际签约期开始时公布的球队与球员协议，都是数年前口头达成，通常没有 留下任何书面纪录，联盟官员长期以来表示，根本缺乏证据，几乎无法对达成预先协议的球 队施加惩罚 Manfred表示，联盟每年花费「数千万美元」追查违规行为——大部分用於药检人员及年龄 与身分验证，但多名球探告诉ESPN，联盟至少应投入更多资源调查预先协议，以阻止球队持 续追求这种做法 Steroids have historically been readily available over the counter in any Domini can pharmacy and training facility that possesses the means to access them, rega rdless of age and without even a doctor's note. Anti-doping programs have been n onexistent within its numerous baseball leagues. 类固醇历来在多明尼加的药局或具备管道的训练设施中随处可得，无论年龄大小，甚至不需 要医生处方，其众多棒球联盟中根本没有反禁药计画 Late last summer, Dominican President Luis Abinader enacted the first law that w ould explicitly prohibit the use of PEDs in the country. It provided a set of pe nalties -- ranging from five to 20 years of imprisonment and between 10 and 30 t imes the local minimum wage in fines, in addition to the threat of closing busin esses and revoking licenses -- for anyone known to have prescribed, administered or in any way facilitated the use of prohibited controlled substances, includin g steroids. 去年夏末，多明尼加总统Luis Abinader颁布了该国首部明确禁止使用禁药（PED）的法律， 该法规定了一系列惩罚——包括5至20年监禁、罚款为当地最低工资的10至30倍，以及关闭 企业和吊销执照的威胁——针对任何已知处方、施用或以任何方式协助使用包括类固醇在内 的受控禁药者 The law is scheduled to go into place in August, but whether it ultimately makes a difference -- a source of considerable doubt given the lack of an established anti-doping program in the country and the amount of resources required to cond uct drug testing at that scale -- remains to be seen. 该法律预计於8月生效，但其最终是否能产生效果仍不得而知——考量到国内缺乏完善的反 禁药计画，以及进行大规模药检所需资源庞大，此点存在相当疑虑 Under MLB's current CBA, players are subject to unlimited, randomized drug tests after they sign their first pro contracts. But only a limited number must compl y with tests before then. Those who are designated "Level 2" under the CBA, a te rm used to describe the top 150 international amateur players based on an intern al ranking, are subject to random drug tests before signing with a team, accordi ng to the current CBA. 依据大联盟现行劳资协议，球员在签下首份职业合约後，须接受无限次随机药检，但在此之 前仅有限人数需接受药检，根据现行协议，被列为「Level 2」的球员——指依内部排名评 定的前150名国际业余球员——在签约球队前也需接受随机药检 There is also mandatory testing through an eight-year-old program in which indep endent trainers from other countries, including the Dominican Republic, allow ML B to conduct regular, unannounced drug testing of players in their academies. ML B says it conducts between 500 and 1,000 unannounced random tests under the prog ram every year, at times more, while also educating players and their families a bout the dangers of PEDs. 此外还有一项已有八年历史的强制性药检计画，由包括多明尼加在内的其他国家独立训练师 协助，允许大联盟对其学院内的球员进行定期、不预告的药检，大联盟表示，每年在此计画 下执行500至1000次随机不预告检测，有时更多，同时也向球员及其家人宣导禁药危害 League officials tout the positivity rates in the Dominican Summer League, stati ng it dropped from 6.1% to 2.9% from 2005 to 2006, when MLB began to test and ed ucate players, and has been below 1% each of the past 13 years. But those same o fficials acknowledge that it doesn't necessarily speak to amateurs taking steroi ds before they sign. 联盟官员强调，多明尼加夏季联盟的药检阳性率，从2005至2006年大联盟开始测试并教育球 员时，已从6.1%降至2.9%，且过去13年每年均低於1%，但这些官员也承认，这并不代表业余 球员在签约前没有使用类固醇 One international scouting director believes around 80% of those who sign out of the Dominican Republic are given steroids when they're between the ages of 11 a nd 13 to attain pre-deals, then start to wean off leading up to when they can of ficially sign contracts and enter MLB's testing program. An agent who represents a lot of players from the Dominican Republic believed that number to be too hig h, instead guessing it might be around 30%. But, he added: "I know it's signific ant." 一位国际球探主管认为，约有80%的多明尼加签约球员在11至13岁之间为了取得预先协议而 被给予类固醇，之後才逐步减量，直至他们可以正式签约并进入大联盟药检计画 一名代理大量多明尼加球员的经纪人认为这个比例太高，他猜测可能约30%，但他补充说： 「我知道这数字相当可观」 In a statement to ESPN, MLB said it has "dedicated significant resources to pre- employment drug testing and education to players in the Dominican Republic and t hrough Latin America." But league officials also believe little can be done unti l local law enforcement agencies truly find a way to crack down on the availabil ity of PEDs in their country. Some of those same Dominican government officials counter that MLB needs to crack down on teams striking the pre-deals that help t rigger the use of steroids in the first place. And while MLB counters that an in ternational draft is the only remedy, the MLBPA fervently disputes it. 大联盟在向ESPN的声明中表示，已「投入大量资源於多明尼加及整个拉丁美洲的就业前药检 与教育工作」但联盟官员也认为，在当地执法单位未真正找到方式打击禁药流通前，能做的 事非常有限一些多明尼加政府官员则反驳，认为大联盟应先打击促使球员使用类固醇的预先 协议，而大联盟则主张，国际选秀是唯一解方，但球员工会强烈反对 To many, it has become a vicious cycle. 对许多人来说，这已成为一个恶性循环 "It's like they just talk through each other," one international scouting direct or said. "And like always, these kids get left behind." 一位国际球探主管表示：「就像大家只是互相讲话，但完全没沟通一样，像往常一样，这些 孩子被落在後面」 --

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