无暇静思立论，且拾前人牙慧。 这几年来，神经科学突飞猛进。有研究显示，脑中负责掌管情绪控制的 部分，其实在十八岁以後还在继续成长。可以说要到二十五岁，才算是脑部成长 的大略终点。就此而言，大学的学生其实还未真正成熟。 马斯洛在提倡自我实现概念的名着，动机与人格(Motivation and Personality)一书 再版序文中，有这麽一段说法，令我十分感动。私以为这一段把「完整且淬炼过 的成熟」与「青涩而健康地成长」，描述地非常好。在此译出，以飨诸位。 ------------------------大师说---------------------- 此次改版中，藉将此观念限定於年长者中，我解除了一个易引致迷惑的疑点。 根据我所使用的标准，自我实现并不存在於年轻人之中。至少在我们的文化中， 年轻人尚未达到自我认同及独立；尚未有足够时间以经验到持久、忠诚 而不仅限於浪漫的爱情关系；尚未整理出自己的价值体系；尚未有足够的人生经验 (如真正对人负责、悲剧、失败与成功)来褪去完美主义的幻想，以将心态转为实际； 他们多数尚未能平静面对死亡；尚未习得如何能有耐心；尚未对自己及他人心中的 恶念有足够认识，以能保有同情慈悲之心；他们也尚未有足够时间，来度过对长辈、 父母、权力及权威人物既抗拒又受其吸引的观感 ；一般也未能拥有足够的知识及教育 ，以开启成为智者的可能性；多半也未能建立足够的勇气以使自己不受欢迎、 不以公开展现道德为耻。 无论如何，把这些能将人类潜能确实实现，成熟、展现完全人性及自我实现的人们， 及所谓在任何年龄层的健康，两者之间的概念分离开来，是个较好的心理学研究策略。 这样一来，我发现这观念能转换呈「趋向自我实现的良好成长状态」，便成为了一个 颇有意义，且适於研究的概念。我对大学年纪的年轻人所做的研究探索，足以取信 我自己「健康」与「不健康」两者之间，确实能够区分开来。我个人的印象而言， 健康的年轻男女，多半仍在成长、可喜而甚至可爱、不带邪念、隐蔽地善良且利他 (但却对此颇为害羞)、且私下对於值得如此的长者心怀敬爱。年轻的人还不太相信自己、 尚未成型、对身为同侪中的少数份子有些不自在(他们自身的想法及品味比一般更为正直 、受更高的目标而驱使、更具道德感)。他们暗地里对於在年轻人中如此常见的残酷、 凶恶及暴民心态感到不适。 原文： I have removed one source of confusion by confining the concept very definitely to older people. By the criteria I used, self-actualization does not occur in young people. In our culture at least, youngsters have not yet achieved identity, or autonomy, nor have they had time enough to experience an enduring, loyal, post-romantic love relationship, nor have they worked our their own system of values; nor have they had experience enough (responsibility for others, tragedy, failure, achievement, success) to shed perfectionistic illusions and become realistic; nor have they generally made their peace with death; nor have they learned how to be patient, nor have they learned enough about evil in themselves and others to be compassionate; nor have they had time to become post-ambivalent about parents and elders, power and authority; nor have they generally become knowledgeable and educated enough to open the possibility of becoming wise; nor have they generally acquired enough courage to be unpopular, to be unashamed about being openly virtuous, etc. In any case, it is better psychological strategy to separate the concept of mature, fully-human, self-actualizing people in whom the human potentialities have been realized and actualized from the concept of health at any age level. This translates itself, I have found, into "good-growth-toward-self-actualization," a quite meaningful and researchable concept. I have done enough exploration with college age youngsters to have satisfied myself that it is possible to differentiate "healthy" from "unhealthy." It is my impression that healthy young men and women tend to be still growing, likeable, and even lovable, free of malice, secretly kind and altruistic (but very shy about it), privately affectionate of those of their elders who deserve it. Young people are unsure of themselves, not yet formed, uneasy because of their minority position with their peers (their private opinions and tastes are more square, metamotivated, i.e., virtuous, than average). They are secretly uneasy about the cruelty, meanness, and mob spirit so often found in young people, etc. --

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