环境污染能杀人！ 世卫报告：每年害170万童 建立於 2017/03/08 上稿编辑： 邹敏惠 摘译自2017年3月6日ENS瑞士，日内瓦报导；姜唯编译；蔡丽伶审校 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 根据世界卫生组织（WHO）发表的两份最新报告，室内外空气污染、二手菸、受污染的民 生用水和卫生设施缺乏等环境风险每年导致170万五岁以下孩童死亡。 报告指出，年龄一个月以上五岁以下儿童死亡的最主要原因，包括腹泻、疟疾和肺炎，都 能透过改善环境、提供乾净水源和乾净的厨房燃料来避免。WHO秘书长陈冯富珍说：「环 境污染能杀人，对小孩来说尤其如此。孩子发育中的器官和免疫系统、较小的体型和呼吸 道，都让他们特别容易受脏空气和水的伤害。」 http://imgur.com/5dkGOM4.jpg 部分儿童死亡原因，可藉由提供乾净水源来避免。图片来源：Ground Report（CC BY-NC 2.0） 报告「传承永续世界：儿童健康与环境舆图」（Inheriting a Sustainable World: Atlas on Children's Health and the Environment）指出，环境污染可能影响胎儿，增 加早产风险。室内外空气污染和二手菸，会增加婴儿和学龄前儿童罹患肺炎的机率，以及 终其一生罹患气喘等慢性呼吸道疾病的机率。空气污染也会增加心脏疾病、中风和癌症的 机率。 http://imgur.com/5I0blpj.jpg 感染呼吸道融合病毒（RSV）的孩童。图片来源：Lance McCord（CC BY-NC-SA 2.0） 另一份报告「别污染我的未来：环境冲击对儿童健康的影响」（Don't pollute my future! The impact of the environment on children's health）详细描述了各种污染 对儿童健康的影响规模，包括： 1. 每年57万名五岁以下儿童死於室内外空气污染和二手菸引起的呼吸道感染 2. 每年36万1000名五岁以下儿童由於缺乏乾净饮用水和卫生设施而死於腹泻。 3. 每年27万名未足月新生儿的死亡，包括早产，可以透过乾净饮用水、改善卫生设施和 减少空气污染来避免。 4. 每年20万名五岁以下死於疟疾的儿童，其死亡可透过减少病媒蚊繁殖地或饮用水储藏 设备加盖来避免。 5. 每年20万名五岁以下儿童死於环境相关意外，包括中毒、跌倒或溺毙。 新兴的环境污染，像是未被妥善回收的电子垃圾，可能让孩童接触到有毒物质，损害智力 、注意力、肺脏甚至致癌。而手机、电脑和萤幕等电子垃圾，预估将在2014至2018之间增 加19%，2018年将达到全球5千万吨。 儿童经由食物、水、空气和产品接触到有毒化学物质，像是 氟化物、铅汞农药、有机污染物和其他存在制造商品中，透过各种管道进入食物链的化学 物质。 铅会影响脑部发育，虽然含铅汽油已经被大多数国家淘汰，但铅仍大量存在油漆当中。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Pollution Kills 1.7 Million Children a Year GENEVA, Switzerland, March 6, 2017 (ENS) Every year, environmental risks such as indoor and outdoor air pollution, second-hand smoke, tainted water, lack of sanitation, and inadequate hygiene, take the lives of 1.7 million children under five years of age, warn two new reports from the World Health Organization. One report, “Inheriting a Sustainable World: Atlas on Children’s Health and the Environment,” finds that a large portion of the most common causes of death among children aged one month to five years – diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia – are preventable by reducing environmental risks, and providing access to safe water and clean cooking fuels. “A polluted environment is a deadly one – particularly for young children,” says Dr. Margaret Chan, WHO director-general. “Their developing organs and immune systems, and smaller bodies and airways, make them especially vulnerable to dirty air and water.” The top five causes of death in children under five years are linked to the environment, says the World Health Organization, WHO. Harmful exposures can start in the mother’s womb and increase the risk of premature birth. Then, when infants and pre-schoolers are exposed to indoor and outdoor air pollution and second-hand smoke they have an increased risk of pneumonia in childhood, and a lifelong increased risk of chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma. Exposure to air pollution also may increase their lifelong risk of heart disease, stroke and cancer. A companion report, “Don’t pollute my future! The impact of the environment on children’s health,” provides a comprehensive overview of the environment ’s impact on children’s health, illustrating the scale of the challenge. Every year: * – 570,000 children under five years die from respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, attributable to indoor and outdoor air pollution, and second-hand smoke. * – 361,000 children under five years die due to diarrhea, as a result of poor access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene. * – 270,000 children die during their first month of life from conditions, including prematurity, which could be prevented through access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in health facilities as well as by reducing air pollution. * – 200,000 deaths of children under five years from malaria could be prevented through environmental actions, such as reducing breeding sites of mosquitoes or covering drinking-water storage. * – 200,000 children under five years die from unintentional injuries attributable to the environment, such as poisoning, falls, and drowning. Emerging environmental hazards, such as electronic and electrical waste that is improperly recycled, expose children to toxins that can lead to reduced intelligence, attention deficits, lung damage, and cancer. The generation of electronic and electrical waste, like old mobile phones, computers and monitors, is forecast to increase by 19 percent between 2014 and 2018, reaching an estimated 50 million metric tonnes worldwide by 2018. Children are exposed to harmful chemicals through food, water, air and products around them. Chemicals, such as fluoride, lead and mercury pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and other chemicals in manufactured goods, eventually find their way into the food chain. Lead affects brain development. While leaded petrol has been phased out almost entirely in all countries, lead is still widespread in paints. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 来源网址: http://e-info.org.tw/node/203312 --

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