课程名称︰生态学 课程性质︰系定必修 课程教师︰任秀慧 开课学院： 开课系所︰生工系 考试日期（年月日）︰2009/04/17 考试时限（分钟）：120 是否需发放奖励金：是 （如未明确表示，则不予发放） 试题 : ●Time allowed: 2 hours. ●Answer all questions. ●Each question carries different marks. ●Write all your answers on the answer shhet. ●Use blue or black ball pen to write your answers. ●NO computer is allowed. ●Switch OFF the mobile phone. ●Keep quiet and any communication with other candidates is NOT allowed. ●Your are NOT allowed to leave the examination venue without permission. ●You will be reminded both at 15 and 5 minutes before the examination finishes. ——————————————————————————————————————— (1) Industrial melanism in peppered moths Biston betularia is one of the best-studied examples of microevolution assciated with soot deposition in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US). What can you conclude base on the information from Figures 1A-B shown below (20%)? Figure 1A. The change of abundance of B. betularia carbonaria (black form) and B. betularia typica (white form) in UK, and the change of abundance of B. betularia carbonaria in US between 1950-2000. Figure 1B. The total sulphur emission from UK and US between 1970-2005. (2) Hummingbirds (selaphorus rufus) living in western North America migrate along the mountain chains — north to breed and south to overwinter. During their migration, they stop temporarily in mountain mesdows to feed from time to time for refueling. Himmongbirds adjust their territory size to the available food supply (i.e. nectar in flowers) which varies among different places. Therefore, individuals always defined the same number of flowers instead of the same territory size. Answer the following two questions according to Figures 2A-B. a. List the pros and cons for animals to defend a large territory (10%). b. Why do hummingbirds not defend a larger territory with more flowers (10%). Figure 2A. Hypothetical cost-benefit model for territory size of animals. Figure 2b. Daily weight change of one marked himmingbirds in the study area in north America. (3) Define the follwing seven terms: a. Dispersal (4%). b. Ecology (4%). c. Evolution (4%). d. Fitness (4%). e. Natural selection (4%). f. Adaption (4%). g. Promiscuity (4%). (4) In nature, organisms sjow a variety of phenotypic characters. Such variation is resultes from one of the three types of selection: direction, stabilizing selection and disruptive selection. Identify the type of selection for each of the foolwing cases: a. Synchronised egg-laying and hatching of chicks in breeding colonies of geese (2%). b. Difference in beak size of Darwin's finches occurring on different Islands (2%). c. Müllerian mimicry of moths (2%). d. Male African long-tailed widow birds (Euplectes progne) with longer tail feathers have relative higher breading success (2%). e. Limnetic and benthic forms of the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus in coastal lakes of British Columbia (2%). f. The grass Agrostis tenuis increases its geographic range on a microscale by adapting to the copper-contaminated toxic mine soil (2%). (5) Males of the Afrian Long-tailed Widow Bird (Euplectes progne) have long tail feathers and female have short tail feathers. It is suspected that the greater length can increase male sexual success and fitness. A study has been carried out to test whether the alternation of tail length will lead to a change in male fitness. Figure 5 below shows the experimental results. The breeding success is measured as the number of nests per male. a. State the aim(s) for each of thefour experimental treatments (12%): i. Tail-feathers shortened; ii. Control I-unmanipulated treatment; iii. Control II-procedural control (i.e. cut and glued back the feathers); iv. Tail-feathers elongated. b. What can be concluded from the results (8%)? Figure 5. Results of the treatment experimentto test whether the length of tail feathers of male birds can increase the fitness. ** End of the examination ** 图1A为上课讲义pdf档之 Lecture 2 第16页之上图 图2A为上课讲义pdf档之 Lecture 4 第13页之图 图2B为上课讲义pdf档之 Lecture 4 第16页之图 图5 为上课讲义pdf档之 Lecture 3 第15页之图 -- 一张好人卡可以换多少p币啊 --

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