句子 A WWII conscript, SM was wounded in a bombing raid. 中，句首以逗号分开的 成份 A WWII conscript 究竟是不是主词 SM 的同位语？如果不是，又是什麽？因为有 两极看法引起我的好奇，於是从 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 的分析内容得到佐证线索，摘录一部分原文如下，加上中文 [...] 评论： (p997, 14.9) When the verbless clause is reduced to its minimum of a single complement or adverbial, it may not be easy to distinguish it from an appositive construction (cf 17.65ff), a nonrestrictive postmodifier (cf 17.48f), or an adverbial which is a direct constituent of the main clause. [无动词子句一旦减 化到剩下单一的补充结构或副词修饰语时，有时会被误认为是同位语或其他结构，不易分 辨。] The initial prepositional phrase below is an adverbial of the sentence: 　 Of humble parentage, he began his working life in a shoe factory. It might be regarded as an adverbial realized by a verbless clause consisting of just a complement, because its analysis is directly parallel to nominal or verbless clauses like: 　 A man of humble parentage, ... ～Born of humble parentage,... [上面的 Of humble parentage 是一个形成自无动词子句的副词修饰语，是一个补充结构 ，它和名词结构 A man of humble parentage 或无动词子句 Born of humble parentage 有直接而相应的文法分析。] Similarly, if the final noun phrase below had been placed next to the subject we would have recognized it as full apposition: [下面句子句尾的修饰语 an artifice of green-black liquescent marble 如果搬到紧 接主词後，就成了同位语。] 　 The river lay in its crescent loop entirely without movement, an artifice of green-black liquescent marble. As it is, we could regard it as a verbless clause functioning as an adverbial. [留在句尾，它是一个无动词子句，功能是作为副词修饰语。] Indeed, many instances of partial apposition with noun phrases (cf 17.66) could be equally regarded as verbless clauses, eg: 　 Judge Clement Turpin, now a federal appeals court judge, is being considered for appointment to the US Supreme Court. [同样地，以上句子中，主词後的第二个名词是同位语，或可视为无动词子句。] (pp1314-1315, 17.84) An attribution appositive is to be distinguished from a verbless adverbial clause. Verbless adverbial clauses (cf 14.9) often occur initially and are characteristically interpreted as concessive or causal: [我们必须区分属性型的同位语和作副词修饰语的无动词子句。後者经常出现在句首，提 供让步或因果关系的语义。] 　 An even-tempered man, Paul nevertheless became extremely angry when he heard what had happened. [1] 　 The heir to a fortune, her friend did not care about passing examinations. [2] The verbless clause in [1] is interpreted as concessive: 'Though he was an even-tempered man'. ... The verbless clause in [2], on the other hand, is Interpreted as causal: 'Since she was the heir to a fortune'. [以上两例句中， 句首以逗点隔开的成份都是无动词子句。] These constructions differ from identification apposition (cf 17.77) in that, when they occur initially, the second noun phrase is the subject of the sentence. [区分无动词子句和指名型同位语的一个方式：无动词子句出现在句首时，其後的（即第 二个）名词片语是句子的主词。相较之下，在含有同位语的句子里，句首的第一个名词片 语是主词，後面才是同位语（非主词）。] However, the verbless adverbial clause can occur after the subject and is then, like apposition, marked off by intonation or punctuation: [无动词子句也可以移到主词後，和同位语一样用标点隔开，如以下的 the heir to a fortune 或 a notorious burglar。] 　 Her friend, the heir to a fortune, did not care about passing examinations. [2a] 　 Bob Rand, a notorious burglar, found it easy to force open the lock. [3] In such cases, the lexical content of the sentence suggests the more probable interpretation. [这时，该结构算是子句还是同位语，视句子的字义而定。] For example, in [4], 'a blatant liar' can be interpreted as a (verbless) adverbial causal clause, since it is reasonable to ascribe the expulsion to Pall's being a blatant liar: [以下的 a blatant liar 因为提供主句的原因，算作无 动词子句。] 　 Ron Pall, a blatant liar, was expelled from the group. [4] In [4a], on the other hand, 'a blatant liar' would normally be understood as a case of apposition: [以下的 a blatant liar 算作同位语。] 　 Ron Pall, a blatant liar, used to be in my class at school. [4a] In [4a], there is no motivation for assuming that Pall's presence in the class had anything to do with his being a blatant liar. 结论：回到 A WWII conscript，它的形式和意义来自表原因（说明导致他受伤的处境） 的副词子句 As (he was) a WWII conscript 或无动词子句 Being a WWII conscript 省 略 Being，它出现在句首而非在以逗号隔开的句中位置，它是第一个名词片语而非第二个 ，而且不是主词。这些原因都说明 A WWII conscript 是一个无动词子句减化的结果，虽 具有名词的形式致使极易和同位语混淆，但从意义和位置（句法分析）等各个角度来看仍 不是同位语。 如果把它搬到主词後： SM, a WWII conscript, was wounded in a bombing raid. 那麽可以分析为同位语，或因它明显「提供环境原因」而仍旧分析为无动词子句减化後的 副词修饰词。 --

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